Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a method that allows for up to one billion times enhancement of the otherwise weak phenomena of Raman scattering.

Plants are inevitably challenged by pathogens, therefore relying on a complex innate immune system to recognize and turn on immunity against them. One mode of innate plant immunity is effector-triggered immunity (ETI). In Arabidopsis thaliana, four signaling sectors contribute to this network: jasmonate (JA), salicylate (SA), ethylene (ET), and PAD4. Although the removal of each sector one by one has little effect on ETI, simultaneous removal of the four sectors abolishes ETI.

In the legume-rhizobia symbiosis, rhizobia bacteria fix nitrogen for legume plant hosts in exchange for carbon. We investigated how inoculation with field soil microbial communities affects the rhizobia-legume symbiosis across different legume species. 13 Medicago species were grown under 2 inoculation treatments: inoculation with rhizobia (R+), inoculation with microbes from a field soil community (F+), and a combined treatment (R+F+). Plant growth outcomes and rhizobial nodulation were measured and analyzed. M. rigiduloides and M. rotata could not survive in any treatment, M.

Plants are inevitably challenged by pathogens, therefore relying on a complex innate immune system to recognize and turn on immunity against them. One mode of innate plant immunity is effector-triggered immunity (ETI). In Arabidopsis thaliana, four signaling sectors contribute to this network: jasmonate (JA), salicylate (SA), ethylene (ET) and PAD4. Although the removal of each sector one by one has little effect on ETI, simultaneous removal of the four sectors abolishes ETI.

Within attachment theory, a new way of operationalizing adult attachment representations (i.e., secure base script knowledge) has emerged as a way of coding for attachment with greater efficiency and comparable validity to traditional coding methods. Recently, a secure base script knowledge coding scheme was developed and validated for use in relation to the Current Relationships Interview (CRIsbs; Nivison et al., in press), an interview focused on adults’ romantic relationships.

Plants are inevitably challenged by pathogens, therefore relying on a complex innate immune system to recognize and turn on immunity against them. One mode of innate plant immunity is effector-triggered immunity (ETI). In Arabidopsis thaliana, four signaling sectors contribute to this network: jasmonate (JA), salicylate (SA), ethylene (ET) and PAD4. Although the removal of each sector one by one has little effect on ETI, simultaneous removal of the four sectors abolishes ETI.

Many animals, especially those that communicate using sound, benefit from the ability to separate sounds coming from different sources. Animals accomplish this ‘auditory stream segregation’ task by using cues from certain sound properties. Many of these properties have already been investigated, including frequency, location, and some temporal properties. One temporal property that has not been investigated is the temporal intensity modulation of a sound: sound shape. One animal that attends to auditory shape is Hyla versicolor frogs.

The aquatic fly family Chironomidae contains many cold-adapted, winter-active species in the Northern Hemisphere. Cold-adapted chironomid larvae develop underwater but emerge in winter as terrestrial adults to reproduce. Climate change will likely impact these winter-active adults as winter air temperatures increase. Previous studies have found constant exposure to high temperatures reduces survivorship of adult Diamesa mendotae, a cold-adapted chironomid in Minnesota. My research sought to understand how climate change could affect D.

Abhorrent regulation of angiogenesis is a fundamental process found in several pathological conditions including cancer. Therefore, to counteract tumor angiogenesis, vascular normalization has emerged as a new therapeutic strategy. Vascular normalization involves the use of anti-angiogenic therapeutics to restore proper tumor oxygenation and perfusion to improve the effectiveness of anti-cancer therapeutics.

In all different cells, tRNA is an indispensable participant in the translation process. It gives us a new way to regulate and change the protein products, and much research was conducted to change tRNA according to our needs such as non-canonical amino acid and gene therapy. In this project, we want to figure out whether we can regulate the protein by switching the tRNA involved in the translation process.