This paper quantifies the impact of inflation and economic shocks on school funding formulas in Minnesota, specifically examining the discrepancy between nominal budget increases and the real purchasing power of those funds. Using Nominal State Aid Per Average Adjusted Daily Membership (AADM) data adjusted by the Implicit Price Deflator (IPD), the analysis spans 22 years (FY2003–FY2025). The study confirms that nominal funding increases have failed to keep pace with rising costs, resulting in a severe erosion of real funding capacity.

College students are under immense stress with one study finding that 87% of college students experience either moderate or high stress (Pierceall & Keim, 2007). In a meta analysis of 40 qualitative college student stress studies, the themes of relationship stressors and academics were among the most common stressors. As shown by Deng (2022), academic and family stress not only negatively impacted students’ mental health, but also had harmful effects on academic performance.

In the centuries after its origins in Roman Palestine, Christianity rapidly spread through the ancient world. In addition to spreading through the Roman empire, it also spread to Ethiopia, Armenia, and, most importantly for this study, the Persian empire. This spread was met with varied state reactions, but the most famous of these was persecution, ranging from small scale to empire wide. These persecutions are notable for creating martyrs, people killed for not recanting their faith.

College students are under immense stress with one study finding that 87% of college students experience either moderate or high stress (Pierceall & Keim, 2007). In a meta analysis of 40 qualitative college student stress studies, the themes of relationship stressors and academics were among the most common stressors. As shown by Deng (2022), academic and family stress not only negatively impacted students’ mental health, but also had harmful effects on academic performance.

This project examines why some Indian states participate in the Under2 Coalition while others do not, despite having similar economic and environmental conditions. I argue that participation is not explained by climate vulnerability or state capacity alone, but is more closely related to political strategy and willingness to engage in international climate networks.

Among the cities in Minnesota, Rochester is known to have a growing and lively music scene. From indie artists to group gigs and award-winning performances, Rochester has served as a hub for rising performers and music enthusiasts in Southeastern Minnesota. Rochester is also the home of the world-renowned hospital, the Mayo Clinic, which has been known to meet the pressing needs of modern healthcare through scientific innovation and high-quality patient care.

This thesis examines the state of resources available to address period poverty in northern Minnesota in comparison to the twin cities area. Period poverty can be defined as the absence of adequate resources to assist an individual during their menstrual cycle, such as menstrual supplies, education, facilities, and more. Geographical location has great influence on the resources and facilities readily available to an individual at any given time, as well as shapes our understanding of what help can be expected in times of need. 

Threshold contribution games are common when modeling private contributions to publicly beneficial projects such as the construction of a new library, or charity initiatives. However, when analyzing data from past experimental studies on these games, it becomes clear that there is a tendency for contribution amounts to exhibit a significant amount of small but persistent variation from trial to trial. My research focused on providing a mathematical and strategical justification for this behavior, drawing on the intuition of the Free Rider Problem.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is characterized by the overproduction of myeloblasts, immature white blood cells, that prevent healthy white blood cells from properly developing (Döhner et al., 2015). It is the most common acute blood cancer in adults, with an overall 5-year survival rate of 23.8% (Baden et al., 2025). V-domain immunoglobulin suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA), a highly expressed receptor on myeloid tumor cells, has been found to suppress T cell activation (Tagliamento et al., 2021).

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, known as ARDS, is a form of lung injury characterized by poor oxygenation and non-compliant lungs. It usually follows a traumatic event, manifesting as severe progressive hypoxemia, as the lungs are unable to provide oxygen to the blood. This is due to increased surface tension caused by the breakdown of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), the primary lipid in lung surfactant, by phospholipase A2 (PLA2), an enzyme that accompanies lung inflammation.